1. spectrum.ieee.org – Patel, P. (2023). Using the Oceans to Help Capture Carbon. IEEE Spectrum – News article describing Captura and Equatic's direct ocean capture pilots, noting seawater's ~150× higher CO₂ concentration than air and target costs around $100/t CO₂ for these technologies.
2. chemistryworld.com – Trager, R. (2023). Electrochemistry offers new way to tackle rising carbon dioxide – extract it from seawater. Chemistry World – Report on MIT researchers' membrane-free electrochemical process using bismuth and silver electrodes to remove CO₂ from seawater. Notes that oceans already absorbed CO₂ (skipping air capture step) and that a preliminary analysis shows costs of $50–$100 per ton CO₂ removed, much lower than direct air capture (~$600/t).
3. pubs.rsc.org – Hatton, A. et al. (2023). Asymmetric chloride-mediated electrochemical process for CO₂ removal from ocean water. Energy & Environmental Science, 16, 2023 – Describes the two-step pH-swing using a Bi/BiOCl electrode (producing H⁺ to release CO₂) and Ag/AgCl electrode, with water returned to original pH. Demonstrated high Faradaic efficiency and energy of ~122 kJ per mole CO₂, enabling cost-effective removal.
4. climateinterventions.org – National Academies (NASEM) Report excerpt (2022). Direct Ocean Capture. Projects that electrochemical direct ocean capture technologies could potentially sequester 0.1 to 1.0 Gt CO₂ per year globally, given sufficient deployment and energy supply. Also warns of potential ecological risks from high-volume seawater processing, recommending distributed designs and pilot monitoring.
5. groundcontrol.com – (2023). Removing Carbon from the Ocean with the Help of Satellite IoT. Case study on Running Tide's carbon buoys. Describes how ocean buoys (with biomass for carbon sequestration) use Iridium satellite modems to transmit data, enabling remote monitoring and verification.
6. jmu.edu – James Madison Univ. News (2025). Powering the ocean: Turning bacteria into renewable energy. Article on DARPA-funded research achieving 10 W output from marine microbial fuel cells, vs. milliwatt outputs historically. Indicates potential of MFCs to power ocean sensors or devices by harnessing seafloor bacteria.
7. sciencedirect.com – Li, Y. et al. (2024). A self-powered smart wave energy converter for sustainable sea. Reports a small wave energy buoy with ~5.67 W maximum output and ~48% efficiency. Illustrates that modest wave energy devices can generate a few watts, supporting the idea of augmenting our unit's power in wave-rich environments.
8. today.usc.edu – USC News (2024). Ocean-inspired tech could speed up carbon capture from ships. Discusses the analogy of ocean limestone buffering as "Tums for the ocean." While focusing on ship exhaust CO₂ conversion to bicarbonate, it emphasizes the principle of using carbonate chemistry to neutralize acid – the same principle our system uses by returning alkalinity to the ocean.

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